Main article: Screw thread
There are many systems for specifying the dimensions of screws, but in much of the world the ISO metric screw thread preferred series has
displaced the many older systems. Other relatively common systems include the British Standard Whitworth, BA system (British Association),
and the Unified Thread Standard.
ISO metric screw thread
Main article: ISO metric screw thread
The basic principles of the ISO metric screw thread are defined in international standard ISO 68-1 and preferred combinations of diameter and pitch are listed in ISO 261. The smaller subset of diameter and pitch combinations commonly
used in screws, nuts and bolts is given in ISO 262. The most commonly used pitch value for each diameter is the coarse pitch. For some
diameters, one or two additional fine pitch variants are also specified, for special applications such as threads in thin-walled pipes. ISO metric screw threads are designated by the letter M followed by the major diameter of the thread in millimeters (e.g., M8).
If the thread does not use the normal coarse pitch (e.g., 1.25 mm in the case of M8), then the pitch in millimeters is also appended with a
multiplication sign (e.g. "M8×1" if the screw thread has an outer diameter of 8 mm and advances by 1 mm per 360° rotation).
The nominal diameter of a metric screw is the outer diameter of the thread. The tapped hole (or nut) into which the screw fits, has an
internal diameter which is the size of the screw minus the pitch of the thread. Thus, an M6 screw, which has a pitch of 1 mm, is made by
threading a 6 mm shank, and the nut or threaded hole is made by tapping threads into a hole of 5 mm diameter (6 mm - 1 mm).
Metric hexagon bolts, screws and nuts are specified, for example, in British Standard BS 4190 (general purpose screws) and BS 3692
(precision screws). The following table lists the relationship given in these standards between the thread size and the maximal width across
the hexagonal flats (wrench size):
ISO metric thread |
M1.6 |
M2 |
M2.5 |
M3 |
M4 |
M5 |
M6 |
M8 |
M10 |
M12 |
M16 |
M20 |
M24 |
M30 |
M36 |
M42 |
M48 |
M56 |
M64 |
Wrench size (mm) |
3.2 |
4.0 |
5.0 |
5.5 |
7.0 |
8.0 |
10.0 |
13.0 |
17.0 |
19.0 |
24.0 |
30.0 |
36.0 |
46.0 |
55.0 |
65.0 |
75.0 |
85.0 |
95.0 |
In addition, the following non-preferred intermediate sizes are specified:
ISO metric thread |
M7 |
M14 |
M18 |
M22 |
M27 |
M33 |
M39 |
M45 |
M52 |
M60 |
M68 |
Wrench size (mm) |
11 |
22 |
27 |
32 |
41 |
50 |
60 |
70 |
80 |
90 |
100 |
Whitworth
Main article: British Standard Whitworth
The first person to create a standard (in about 1841) was the English engineer Sir Joseph Whitworth. Whitworth screw sizes are still used,
both for repairing old machinery and where a coarser thread than the metric fastener thread is required. Whitworth became British Standard
Whitworth, abbreviated to BSW (BS 84:1956) and the British Standard Fine (BSF) thread was introduced in 1908 because the Whitworth thread
was too coarse for some applications. The thread angle was 55°, and the depth and pitch varied with the diameter of the thread (i.e., the
bigger the bolt, the coarser the thread). Spanners for Whitworth bolts are marked with the size of the bolt, not the distance across the
flats of the screw head.
The most common use of a Whitworth pitch nowadays is in all UK scaffolding. Additionally, the standard photographic tripod thread, which for
small cameras is 1/4" Whitworth (20 tpi) and for medium/large format cameras is 3/8" Whitworth (16 tpi). It is also used for microphone
stands and their appropriate clips, again in both sizes, along with "thread adapters" to allow the smaller size to attach to items requiring
the larger thread. Note that while 1/4" UNC bolts fit 1/4" BSW camera tripod bushes, yield strength is reduced by the different thread
angles of 60° and 55° respectively.
British Association screw thread
Main article: British Association screw threads
British Association (BA) screw threads, named after the British Association for Advancement of Science, were devised in 1884 and standardised
in 1903. Screws were described as "2BA", "4BA" etc., the odd numbers being rarely used, except in equipment made prior to the 1970s for
telephone exchanges in the UK. This equipment made extensive use of odd-numbered BA screws, in order—it may be suspected—to reduce theft. BA threads are specified by British Standard BS 93:1951 "Specification for British Association (B.A.) screw threads with
tolerances for sizes 0 B.A. to 16 B.A."
While not related to ISO metric screws, the sizes were actually defined in metric terms, a 0BA thread having a 6 mm diameter and 1 mm pitch.
Other threads in the BA series are related to 0BA in a geometric series with the common factors 0.9 and 1.2. For example, a 4BA thread has
pitch mm (0.65mm) and diameter mm (3.62mm). Although 0BA has the same diameter and pitch as ISO M6, the threads have different forms and are not compatible.
BA threads are still common in some niche applications. Certain types of fine machinery, such as moving-coil meters and clocks, tend to have BA threads wherever they are manufactured. BA sizes were also used extensively in aircraft, especially
those manufactured in the United Kingdom. BA sizing is still used in railway signalling, mainly for the termination of electrical equipment
and cabling.
BA threads are extensively used in Model Engineering where the smaller hex head sizes make scale fastenings easier to represent. As a result
many UK Model Engineering suppliers still carry stocks of BA fasteners up to typically 8BA and 10BA. 5BA is also commonly used as it can be
threaded onto 1/8 rod.
Unified Thread Standard
Main article: Unified Thread Standard
The Unified Thread Standard (UTS) is most commonly used in the United States of America, but is also extensively used in Canada and
occasionally in other countries. The size of a UTS screw is described using the following format: X-Y, where X is the nominal size (the hole or slot size in standard manufacturing practice through which the shaft of the screw can easily
be pushed) and Y is the threads per inch (TPI). For sizes 1⁄4 inch and larger the size is given as a fraction; for sizes less than this an
integer is used, ranging from 0 to 16. The integer sizes can be converted to the actual diameter by using the formula 0.060 + 0.013 * number.
For example, a #4 screw is 0.060 + 0.013 * 4 = 0.112 inches in diameter. For most size screws there are multiple TPI available, with the
most common being designated a Unified Coarse Thread (UNC or UN) and Unified Fine Thread (UNF or UF).
Screw head shapes | 2015-05-07 | |
Types of screw drives | 2015-05-07 | |
Thread standards | 2015-05-07 |
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